Ezi was found by two German tourists from Nuremberg, Helmut and Erica SimonamiSeptember 19, 1991. At first, the body was adopted for modern, like others found in this region. The mummy is well preserved due to the fact that he was enlarged in the ice. When removing without archaeological instruments (with the help of jackhammer and ice axes), the thigh of the body was damaged; In addition, those present took parts of his clothes as souvenirs.
In the future, the body was transferred to the morgue of the city of Innsbruck, where his true age was installed. But despite the importance of finding, during a press conference, journalists were allowed to photograph and concern exhibit. As a result, the mushroom appeared on the skin.
In the future, in October 1991, it was found that the body was located in Italian territory at a distance of 92.56 meters from the border ( 46.778889 , 10.839722 46 ° 46'44 "p. sh. 10 ° 50'23 "in. d. / 46.778889 ° C. sh. 10.839722 ° C. d. (G) (O)). Since 1997, ECI has been exposed to the Archeology Museum in Bolzano, Italy.
Now there is a 4-meter monument from a stone in the form of a pyramid at the place of the find.
Shortly after the detection, the mummy began to say that the dead was found in Italian territory, and not on the Austrian, as it was intended initially. The border between Italy and Austria was established in 1919 in the Saint-Germen Treaty between the valleys of Innal and Echtal. In the region of Tizeniok Valley, due to the snow cover of the glacier, the border was not easy to determine the border, so the authorities have appointed the measurement of the border on October 2, 1991, as a result of which it was found that the body was found in South Tyrol in Italy, at 92.56 meters from borders with Austria. The body at that time was already in the Austrian Innsbruck University, and the South Study authorities immediately issued permission from the Institute of History of Primitive Society and Early History at the University of Innsbruck for archaeological research.
The designation of mummy brought quite a lot of difficulties to the authorities. For official designation, the findings are usually taken, as a rule, the names associated with geographical names caused to state maps. For an iceman, this is Hauslahoch (Him. Hauslabjoch), located at a distance of 330 m from the place of the find. Located topographically essentially closer to Tisenoch (it. Tisenjoch) Not applied to any state map. While the authorities tried to introduce the only correct name for Mummy, journalists came up with their names of the new sensational find. As a result of numerous articles about mummy, more than 500 different names, titles and neologisms were invented themselves. Among them were the "man from Houslabian" (Him. Mann vom Hauslabjoch), "Man from Tizenoha" (Him. Mann vom Tisenjoch), "Man from Siemilaun" (Him. Mann Vom Similaun), "Man in Ice" (Him. MANN IM EIS.)
Viennese reporter Karl Wendl (Him. Karl Wendl.) I first called the Mummy Ecy, writing on September 26, 1991, an article in the Vienna newspaper "Arbeiter-Zeitung", since the body was found not far from the Eztal Valley.
The official name of the Mummy was adopted by the Decree of the South Study Government of July 2, 1997: Ice Man (Him. DER MANN AUS DEM EIS, ITAL. L "Uomo Venuto Dal Ghiaccio).
Monument on the site of death
At the time of death, the growth of ECI was approximately 165 cm, the weight is 50 kg, and age - 45-46 years. The found corpse actually weighed 38 kg; The ice covered the body immediately after death, suspended the decomposition process. Analysis of pollen, dust particles and dental enamel showed that Childhood Ezi spent not far from the current village of Feldturns (Him. Feldthurns., ITAL. Velturno), north of Bolzano, and then lived in valleys located 50 kilometers to the north.
Some scientists adhere to the opinions that Ezi could be a priest or sorcerer. In favor of this version, the amulet found from him, as well as the discovery of the Austrian Ethnographer Hans Heyd of the Prehistoric Sanctuary in that area.
After the study of the proportions of the shin, hips and pelvis, Christopher Raff came to the conclusion that, in his way of life, Ezi often had to move for a long time through a hilly terrain. This degree of mobility is not characteristic of other European copper century. Raff believes that Ezi was a shepherd in high mountainous areas.
The group of scientists sequenced the full genome ECI in 2011, Professor of Paloananatomy and forensic medicine Edward Egarter Vigle in an interview reported that Y-DNA ECI refers to subclode G2A4. which was subsequently converted as G2A2B.. Nowadays, this heredity occurs with a low frequency in southern Europe, reaching the maximum concentration in geographically isolated populations of Sardinia, Sicily and Iberia.
DNA analysis also showed the presence of predisposition to atherosclerosis and the presence of DNA sequences ( english) Bacteria Borrelia Burgdorferi (english ) What does Ecy make an ancient famous man with Lyme's disease.
On the body, the ECI found about 57 tattoos from points, lines and crosses. Four lines are located on the left of the spine, one right and three on the left cavice, on the right foot and on the inner and outer side of the right ankle, respectively. On the inside of the right knee and in the area near the left Achilles tendon (Tendo Calcaneus) is a tattoo in the shape of a cross. Unlike modern tattoos, the ECI tattoo was made not with the help of a needle, but by the way of applying small cuts, in which the charcoal was then poured. Tattoos on the body Ezi were in those places and parts of the body, which were particularly important to him and, perhaps, delivered pain. It is assumed that ECI has been resorted to the treatment with painkillers. There are assumptions that tattoos on the "Ice Man" body are primarily not symbols, but pain therapy. It is surprising that areas with tattoos on the body of mummy coincide with the lines, which are now applied during treatment with acupuncture (acupuncture). Perhaps this is evidence of first acupuncture. It was still believed that such a healer developed only two millennia later in Asian culture. With the help of X-ray, it was found that ECI may have suffered from arthritis. Some scientists believe that the patterns on the body meant the movement of the young man in adulthood, recognition of his man.
Ezi's clothing was quite intricate. He wore a wicker straw raincoat, as well as leather vest, belt, nogvits, looked granted and shoes. In addition, a hat from a bearish skins with a leather belt through the chin was discovered. Wide waterproof shoes, apparently, were intended for hiking in the snow. They used the bearish of the skin for soles, deer leather for the top and lyco as a lacing. The soft grass was tied around the leg and was used as warm socks. Vest, belt, winding and loose bandage was made of skin strips stitched together tendons. A bag with useful things was sewn to the belt: a scraper, a drill, a silica, a bone arrow and a dry mushroom used as a cloud.
The British archaeologist Jacques Wood was put forward by the hypothesis that the "boots" of ECI were the top of the snowshoes. According to this theory, the thing identifiable as part of the backpack is actually a wooden frame and snowshoot mesh, as well as cape from the skin of the animal to cover the torso.
Founded by Ecy Stone tools (a flint scraper with a "primitive" one-sided treatment, Mustier tips for arrows, a silica knife with a "prismatic nucleus" treatment with a wooden handle) belong to different degrees of Paleolithic. In addition, he had a copper ax, similar to the discovery from the burial of Rememello Sotto in Northern Italy (dated 2700 BC. Er). If each of these items were discovered separately, ECI could be attributed to Paleolithic, mesolith, neolithic, and copper century at the same time. But that paradoxically, the equipment was one prehistoric man all together.
The copper ax is the only well-preserved copper ax of the prehistoric period. The blade of the ax in the form of a trapezoid, a length of 9.5 cm, consists of 99.7% of copper. Carefully polished handle with a length of 60 cm is made of tees, for fastening the blades was wrapped with narrow skin strips. Also on the blade of the ax, the traces of sharpening were fixed. According to Dr. Gilberto Artioli (Dr. Gilberto Artioli) from Milan University, University Working Group Milan and Trient explored the Copper Ax of the Ice Man and some other topors of the same time. With the help of rapid neutrons [ specify] and high-energy X-rays, it is possible to study the structure of copper crystals inside the ax without damage to the item itself. Thus, it is possible to reconstruct the process of creating an item in detail. Differences in the structure of copper crystals allow us to conclude that the thickness of the ax blade has changed during sharpening. It can be assumed that copper axes are 3000 BC. e. We could belong to people from the highest layers of society, they also served as a weapon. This gives a reason to think that the "Ice Man" was either the leader of the group or a warrior.
The largest object found along with the body of ECI is a bow with a length of 1.82 m from the tees. Traces of processing clearly indicate that it is about unfinished subject. Nevertheless, the billet makes it possible to understand what type of Luke wanted to make an ECI. By scraping and polishing the tail, the surface of the bow should have become smooth. There is also no advance that in prehistoric bows, as a rule, looped was fixed at one end, and on the other - while holding the tendon around the bow.
Onions explored the Australian microbiologist Tom Loy (eng. Tom Loy.), Which, when inspected, has established an unpleasant wake-up smell emanating from onions. His studies have established that onion ECI was in the blood. This was given two explanations: the blood in the dried state is able to protect the wooden bow from wetting, or it was the blood of ECI from the injury.
At the Institute of Botany at the University of Innsbruck, the composition of the content of the intestinal of an icy man was analyzed. More than 30 different types of pollen from trees were discovered. Types of trees indicate their belonging to the mixed type of forests, which prevails in Finshgaau (it. Vinschgau.) (Val Vosta (ITAL. VAL VENOSTA))), namely in the valley of Shanalstal (it. Schnalstal).
The exact age in which the adult person died is difficult to determine, since all the processes of mature and growth have already been completed. To determine the age of an ice man, the structure of his bones was studied, which showed that Ezi at the time of death was about 45 years (with a maximum deflection of plus-minus 5 years). Consequently, the "ice man" reached a rather older for a man of the era of the neolithic age.
The body of ECI was discovered almost without hairpool. But together with the body, shreds of hair were found. Studies of the Federal Office of the German Criminal Police in Wiesbaden and the German Research Institute of Wool in Aachen showed that shreds belong not only to animals, but also a person. One strand consists of hundreds of hair. From this it can be concluded that the ECI's hair reached 9 cm of length, were wavy, dark colors (shades from dark brown to black). The structure shows that Ezi did not bother her hair into a braid, and most likely wore them freely. With a high probability, he had a short beard, which was indicated by a short-tonished carriage strand next to the body. The rest of the hair was identified as hair from the shoulders and other parts of the body.
Analysis for the presence of a metal in the structure of hair showed that Ezi had a much less lead in her hair than a modern man, and arsenic, on the contrary, more. Perhaps Ezi lived in places of processing of arsenic bronze and mining of copper.
Having reached the age of about 45 years, Ezi was considered one of the most elderly in his society. His body showed explicit signs of aging: the joints were worn, blood vessels in the process of labeling. In addition, the 12th Course of Ryube was found, which is a rare anomaly in our time.
Also on the body there are traces of damage that Ezi received during life: a well-healing fracture of the Ryube was installed on the left side of the chest and the nasal fracture. Also on his left leg was damaged by a thumb, which could happen as a result of frostbite.
On the upper jaw between the cutters was discovered with a slit (4 mm), which is often transmitted genetically. Another feature is the lack of wisdom teeth. In modern populations, this anomaly is often observed and is considered an evolutionary tendency to reduce the jaw. Especially surprising a large wear of the teeth. The crown of the teeth decreased by 3 mm. But nevertheless, the caries was not found. On the left, the upper jaw was very worn, which indicates a frequent use of teeth as a tool for wood processing, bones, leather, tendons, etc.
The initial versions that Ezi froze in the mountains were challenged. The keeper of the Archaeological Museum of the Bolzano Edward Vigle and the climber Aliziz Pirparmer, who found the knife in his hand, put forward a murder version. The ancient man was discovered damage to the spine, broken ribs and nose, the finger on the leg is frozen, the right hand is damaged, as well as bruises and wounds throughout the body.
It is possible that Ezi died as a result of a two-day contraction. Footprints of four people were found: the blood of two was found on a quiver with arrows, one more - the blood of the Ecya himself, and the blood of the fourth person - on the cape next to the body. The criminologists agreed that Ezi saved the wounded comrade and his shoulder.
In 2001, the Italian researcher found that the arrow's tip was stuck in the mummy's shoulder. They shot at the back, the tip entered so deeply that Ezi could not pull it out.
Perhaps five millennia ago in this place there was a whisk of two communities. The body Ezi was lost in the mountains, and the tribesmen could not find it.
It is possible that he did not die at all in the mountains in the mountains, and was buried with the honors to the tribesmen.
After a series of deaths that occurred with direct participants who have learned and studied the mummia, there were statements that Ecy cursed. Rainer Henne - Jewelsexpert, who was part of the Prehistoric Corpse group examined at the surveyed at the glacier. Soon after the press conference, on which he publicly spoke about Ecy, Henne died in a car accident. The following was Kurt Fritz - a mountaineer who worked on the glacier during the extraction of mummy: he was the only killed in a chain of climbers who came to avalanche. The third "sacrifice" is Rainer Holz, a journalist who covered the detection of mummy in the press - he died of a brain tumor. Helmut Simon, who found the corpse Ezi, disappeared, and soon his corpse was found under a mountain collapse. Dieter Varnake is one of the climbers who participated in the operation to save Simon, died from a heart attack. However, hundreds of people involved in the study of mummy, and the death of seven of them may be a simple accident.
When a corpse is found at the crime scene, criminologists study the contents of his pockets, the stomach, take blood test, that is, they collect so-called "broadbands". But if the crime is completely many thousand years ago, what then? And nothing! Almost the same thing happens. Just interested persons in the investigation are scientists.
And it was that in 1991 on September 19 at the border between Austria and Italy, in the Tyrolean Alps, after melting ice on the Siemilaun glacier at an altitude of 10,500 feet, the group of climbers discovered the body of an ancient person. Later it turned out that he lived about 5300 years ago. On the "Ice Man" there was a goat leather shoes and cape from grass. Nearby were found an ax from copper, and quiver filled with arrows. Although since the death of the unfortunate, a lot of time has passed, the mummy is well preserved. She, in fact, became an interesting find not only for historical scientists, but also for ... criminologists!
Most of the scientists surprised that the body was preserved in which excellent condition. Due to the fact that Ezi all this time was in ice, he looks better than the Egyptian mummies, whom he is much older. For a long time they decided where it is best to study it. As a result, it turned out to be in Germany, where they conducted a detailed study.
It turned out that he was a small height, one hundred and sixty-five centimeters, weighed about fifty kilograms at about fifty kilograms, about forty-five years old, and had excellent health. But in 2011, due to the complete decryption of his genome, it turned out that it was predisposed to atherosclerosis and Lyme disease.
On the skin it was made fifty strange, applied in an unusual way. A knife was made of cuts on the skin, in which the charcoal was further poured. There are several versions of the one who was Ecy. Some people think that he is a cattle breeder, others consider him a warrior, the third is a hunter, and the fourth is a medical officer.
Some believed that, perhaps, in the life of ECI was sorcerer. Then, thanks to the study of the remains of an icy person, a large number of spaces were able to fill in information about the life of ancient people. Very detail were studied by all items under it at the time of his death - clothing, tools, weapons.
At the primitive Tyrolyc, a loin bandage supported by the belt was hoping, as well as a shirt made of thin skin strips. The protection from the cold served a fur hat and a lever cape, made of braided straw.
"Ice man" was perfectly adapted to survive in a harsh climate. In the pocket of the selected calf leather, the bone sequel and lightning of the cloth and the debris of sulfur sulfur, as well as the products from the silica: a small scraper, awl and a sharp blade resembling a razor, as well as a plate of a deer horns. Mushrooms found in a hiking aid kit, possessing the properties of modern antibiotics.
Also, it was a vessel with coals covered with maple leaves. That is, he had everything necessary for life, and in a certain meaning of even life "with the amenities"!
Apparently, ECI threatened an obvious danger. By the way, his ax from copper caused a lot of guesses. It is known that this metal for the first time began to pay in Anatolia in the era between the VII and VI millennia BC. In Western Europe, copper products appeared only in III thousand to N. e. The blades of the metal knives were found in Italy, as well as in the south of France and in Spain.
And the weapon found under it proves that copper in the Alpine mountains was known much earlier than it was supposed. That is, the metal spread both in Mediterranean countries and inside the continent at the same time. But from metal products, Ezi was only an ax. Apparently, by the time of his death, easily accessible ores were devastated and the metal in the area of \u200b\u200bhis habitat was shortage.
When studying ECI, it was discovered that among the "broadcasts" there are objects that could not be held together, since they treated different epochs. Clothing looks quite appropriate: leather shoes, insulated grass, headband from sulfur skins, mountain goat and deer; Shubach, belt, fur hat, hammashi, straw raincoat, herbal grid.
But the weapon causes a lot of contradictions. For example, a scraper is an ancient Paleolithic, a knife made of silica with a handle of wood and booms include the average Paleolithic and the Upper Paleolithic (12 thousand years ago).
Many controversy in scientific circles caused the question of the death of an iceman. The hypothesis that he just frozen in the mountains existed not long. The first to challenge the traditional version of the death from the cold was the main keeper of the Archaeological Museum in Bolzano Edward Vigle and climber Aloe Pirpirmer, who found a mummy in the mountains. It turned out that Pierpirmer discovered the knife in his hand in his hand, which then fell out of it when the body was removed from ice. Later, Vigl found a deep wound, the resulting ECI in hand-to-hand combat.
Criminalists took up for the work, since the "murder of the Stone Age" was obvious, and so they determined that Ezi was damaged by the spine, the ribs and nose were broken, the right hand was crumpled, there were wounds and bruises throughout the body.
At the moment, scientists think that Ezi became a victim of an ancient crime. According to experts, "Tyrolean Ice Man" died in a fight, which lasted for about two days. In addition, on his body and on items found next to him, there was a blood of several people at once. In 2001, a researcher from Italy found out that the arrow tip in the shoulder was stuck.
In 2008, a complete sequence of cell mitochondria DNA found was disclosed and found that there is no modern species. So, the people to whom Ezi belonged to the currently no longer exists.
From research it is possible to conclude that the ancestors and conifers Ezi were cattle. Probably, they, immigrating, contributed to the expansion of agriculture outside the territory of the Alps. Ezi had Y-chromosoma, which was transmitted from his father to her son and treated a haplogroup G, leaving his roots to the Middle East, from where, in fact, and agriculture itself came to Europe.
So "the Crime of the Stone Age" helped a scientist very much.
Now Ezi is located in the Archeology Museum in Bolzano, as part of the constant composition. Mumia is kept in a sterile glass box, in which the corresponding humidity is constantly supported.
September 19, 1991 on the border of Italy and Austria, in the Tyrolean Alps, after an extraordinary melting of ice on the Siemilaun glacier at an altitude of 10,500 feet, a group of climbers found the body of an ancient person who lived about 5300 years ago. The strikingly preserved mummy still pays a lot of riddles, although there is already enough time since the discovery. Dozens of scientists studied the remains, but the prehistoric man continues to hide secrets from modern researchers.
In honor of the village of Otztal, in the vicinity of which the climbers found a mummy, the deceased wanderer, with love, dubbed Otti. Now he is also known "under the names" Ercy, Similaun man and Tyrolean Ice.
Scientists were greatly interested in Otti: it is very good, it has been preserved because of his ice grave - Egyptian mummies, whose age is much less, they look much worse. It is not wonderful that Italy and Austria began to fiercely fight for the right to possess a unique archaeological find. As a result, Mumia was transferred to ... Germany, where for the first time its detailed study was carried out.
Anthropologists rooted the body to a temperature of 2 degrees Celsius and took fabric samples for further research without damaging the structure and condition of the mummy. Swiss scientist managed to analyze the dental fabric of an unusual "patient", thanks to which the whole world found out what kind of food diet was our ancestors in those times. Using the newest developments of biology, on the tooth fabric you can find out than a person fed in childhood, since it is at this stage that enamel is the formation of enamel. From the rectum were removed by bran, muscle tissue, which indicates that an ancient man was fed by goat meat. The high content of copper and lead hints on what he dealt with copper production. As researchers believe, the Symilaun man could well belong to a small tribe, one of whose main classes was agriculture.
Otti growth - 159 cm, estimated age - 46 years. On the back and body of the mummy were found strange tattoos. Studying them, some scientists agreed that Oti could well be a priest or sorcerer. In favor of this version, the amulet who was found from the deceased person, as well as the discovery of the Austrian ethnographer Hans Heide of the Prehistoric Sanctuary in that region.
The Society of Ancient Astronauts Society (AAS, Ancient Astronauts Society) dared to argue about the connection of Otti with aliens from the space, although, in my opinion, such a connection in this case is fetaned. Nevertheless, something mystical in this mysterious figure of antiquity is still present.
The main problem with which archaeologists encountered when studying the Ot (the presence of objects with it, which should not be together, because they belonged to different epochs. It would seem that all at first glance is normal: leather shoes with grass for insulation; looked out of sulfur sulfur, mountain goat and deer; Leather shirt, belt, fur hat, hammashi, straw cape, grid of grass. With clothing, it seems, everything is logical and right, but with a combination of guns ...
For example, a scraper, arrow tips, a silicon knife with a wooden handle belong to the three Paleolithic periods (ancient Paleolithic (200 million years ago), Middle Ashhel (200 thousand years ago), the upper Paleolithic (~ 12 thousand years ago)). In addition, the Otti had an ax and a tice bow! The ax is very similar to the products dating from a period of 4500-5000 years ago, and the onions seem to be taken from the Middle Ages!
As already mentioned, the Otti himself "appreciated" in 5,300 years. Probably, this assessment would be completely different if before scientists did not appear this wonderful set of artifacts. If something was found, then, most likely, the age of the Similaun man would equate the age of the worn to it.
And so it remains only to guess, scrolling in the head fantastic versions about the aliens or time machine. However, why not? And what if Otti is a person from the future, who decided to ride as a tourist in the past, collecting the collection of exhibits of different eras? Still it is unlikely, although such a version willingly support science science writers.
In the meantime, the sciences think, a Tyrolean man put modern geochronology in a dead end from which she cannot yet get out.
Initially, scientists believed that Otti simply frowned in the mountains, but now the official verdict sounds differently. The first challenges of the traditional version of death from the cold were the keeper of the Archaeological Museum of Bolzano Edward Vigle and the Alupist Aloiz Pirpiermer, who found mummia in the mountains. As it turned out, Pirpiermer found a knife in a compressed hand of Tyrolean mummy, which fell from the extraction of the body from ice and commercial. Researing the palm of the right hand of an ancient man, Vigl confirmed the words of the climber, and also found a deep wound, which could be obtained in hand-to-hand combat and, perhaps, was the cause of death.
The criminals led by Peter Venezis took for business. As a result, it was found that Otti received multiple damages: the spine is damaged, the ribs and the nose, the finger on the leg is frozen, the right hand is crippled, throughout the body of wounds and bruises.
As scientists now say, Otti - the victim of an ancient crime. What is surprising, the riddle of his death can be considered almost revealed! Experts believe that Tyrolean man died as a result of the fight that lasted two days. On the body of Otti and objects found nearby, traces of the blood of four people were found. The blood of two people was found on a quiver with arrows, one more blood is the blood of the most, and the bouling of the fourth person is impregnated near the body of the cape. The criminologists agreed that Otti saved the wounded comrade and his shoulder.
In 2001, the Italian researcher found that the arrows head got stuck in the shoulder. Apparently, the shot was made at the back, and the tip entered so deeply that it was not enough skills and forces. To understand the details of a small battle, scientists explore the place where the body of a Similaun man was found: looking for traces of struggle, new evidence, including the body of a comrade.
Perhaps 5300 years ago in the place there was a small junction of two warring communities, and the Otti's body was lost in the mountains, not discovered by the surviving tribesmen.
Mystics of modernity, adopting a version of the tragic fate of the ancient warrior, says the poor energy of the mummy. Their words confirms the statistics that, of course, may be simple as a simple arbitrary coincidence.
"On the account" Otti is already six people. Rainer Hennes, Jeweker, who was part of the group, who was examined by a prehistoric corpse found on the glacier, became the first victim. Shortly after he publicly spoke about the Similaun man at a press conference, Henne died in a car accident. The second became Kurt Fritz, which participated in the operation to extract the mummy: It was covered in the mountains of avalanche, and he suffered from the entire chain of climbers only. Journalist Rainer Holz, who covered the detection of Oti in the press, became the third - he died suddenly from the brain tumor. The fourth sacrifice is the Mummy Mummy's discoverer Simon. After the discovery of Otti, the mountaineer began to suffer a split personality, considering the Tyrolean ice person part of himself. After unsuccessful attempts to get a large amount of money from the Province of Bolzano, where Simon found Mumia, Helmut began to organize independent ascent to the place of find. In one of these ascents, the climber died under a mountain collapse. The fifth dead became Dieter Varnah, a mountaineer who participated in search of Simon. He died immediately after the funeral of colleagues from a heart attack.
The last victim is the anthropologist Konrad Spindler. His misfortunes began from the moment he was seriously engaged in learning from Otti. The Austrian scientist dedicated years of life to the analysis of his origin, Peru Spindler belongs to the book "Frozen Fritz", in which the history of the life and death of a person who spent almost 5,300 years old is restored.
Some are talking about a peculiar "plot" of ancient mummies, recired a mysterious story with excavations of the tomb of the Egyptian Pharaoh Tutankhamon. Nevertheless, whether the curse exists a mummy, we probably do not know.
Despite all sorts of rumors related to Otti, hundreds of scientists do not bother hands studying alpine mummy and gradually receive new interesting results. How many more puzzles are the Tyrolean Ice Man? In my opinion, quite a lot. And everything must be solved. Desires we do not take. It remains to ask the higher forces a little luck ...
Heading:Secrets of "Ice Man" Published October 25, 2011 |Ice Man, ECI or Ot (Ice Mummy an ancient man, found in 1991 in the Tyrolean Alps at the Siemilaun Glacier in the Eztal Valley at an altitude of 3,200 meters. The age of mummy defined by the radiocarbon method is approximately 5300 years. Currently, scientists continue to explore mummy.
1. Hand "Ice Man" lying on sterile foil.
2. Dutch artists Adrie and Alphonse Kennis used the results of the 3-D-scan of the Skeleton of the Ice Man, to recreate it a full-size copy. Scientists first believed that the eyes of Otti were blue, the latest DNA studies confirmed that the eyes were Karimi.
3. Footwear "Ice man" on a glass model.
4. After the mummy was delivered to the laboratory, the researchers raised the temperature of 64 degrees Fahrenheit to defrost the mummy. Talu water was investigated for the presence of bacteria that contributed to the fact that the ancient mummy was so well preserved.
5. After the nine o'utopsy closed, the mummy was returned to the starting temperature of 21 degrees in Fahrenheit and placed in a glass sarcophagus. Studies were held at the Museum of the Archeology of Southern Tyrol in Culzano, Italy.
6. The Red Arrow indicates the place where Ezi's body was found by two German tourists from Nuremberg in 1991 at an altitude of 3,200 meters. With ECI, stone tools and the artifacts of the Neolithic era were found.
7. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe knee on the leg of Mummy, a tattoo in the form of a cross is seen. Scientists suggest that these are traces of a kind of rite aimed at treating arthritis.
8. Recreation of the position of the Mummy and found in the "Ice Man" of equipment. In the legs of the mummy found bundles of two types of drums. One of them is a birch blunder, the second - the blunder is real. In addition, the mummy was a knife and shoes. In addition, a copper ax was discovered, two arrows and a lace from a tree loose.
9. Dr. Edward Egarber Vigle with colleagues using an endoscope study the arrow tip, sowing in the shoulder of mummy. The arrow interrupted the artery, causing a greater loss of blood.
10. The X-ray of the "Ice Man" shoulder, the arrow tip is marked with a red arrow.
11. Scientists spent nine hours for the study of mummy, trying to find out the details of the life and death of the "Ice Man".
12. The petrified content of the stomach of the "Ice Man". Doctors joke that he had a good appetite.
13. Neurosurgeons suggest that shortly before the death of the "Ice man" was injured by the head.
14. Two types of drums. Presumably, they were used for medical purposes, including to stop bleeding.
15. Knife and "Ice Human" ".
16. The ax with the blade from copper, which indicates that in his tribe "Ice man" occupied a high position.
Ezi - the oldest mummy of a man found in Europe. The cells found on one of the arrows and blood clot suggest that a primitive man died not his death ...
Mummified bodies have already provided many information on how our ancestors lived. The researchers studying the mummy Ezi, well-preserved in the glacier in the Alps, found the smallest blood environment, and with them and information about how the stone-century hunter took his death on the Austrian-Italian border 5300 years ago.
Scientists have discovered traces of molecules involved in blood coagulation process after the wounds begin to bleed. Typically, such molecules known as fibrin, temporary and rapidly destroying, inferior to substances that increase blood coagulation. In the case of Ecy, it comes out, he has a pretty quickly bleeding when an arrow got into it, the tip of which was discovered in the left shoulder mummy.
To detect red blood cells and fibrin, a nanoscale probe was used from the Institute of Mummy and Ice Man in Bolzano, Italy (Bolzano, Italy). Previous attempts to find any blood residues in bodies that are naturally muffed in ice, they were not crowned with success.
Speaking on the TV channel "National Geographic", Professor Albert Zinc, the head of the aforementioned Institute, spoke about the conducted study, which finally proved that Ezi was killed.
Zinc explained: "Fibrin is formed immediately after you are wounded for a few minutes, but then disappears. Finding fibrin in the wound from the boom is a confirmation that Ezi actually died from a shot from Luke."
"There were several people who argued that Ezi probably lived for several hours or a few days after injured, but it was definitely incorrect."
Ezi, also known as Eti, Otti, Symilant man and Tyrolean Ice man, was discovered by German tourists in 1991, in Tyrolean Alps, near the mountain Siemilaun. Most of the body was enlarged into ice, and had to use drills and ice axes to extract mummia.
Presumably, Ezi was a warrior or a hunter who lived between 3105 and 3359. BC. At the time of death, it was probably about 45-46 years old. For a person, the era of neolithic, such age is quite old. Carefully studied mummy helped "look into the past" and find out what features of nutrition, the level of health and what diseases were inherent in that distant era.
It is believed that Ecy weighed only 50 kg with a height of 165 cm. Further studies helped to determine the tattoo on his body. Among the additional finds were a copper ax with a teas handle, a stone knife with a handle from ash and quiver with fourteen arrows.
On the arms, wrists and chest of an ice man found bruises and cuts. Other injuries have brought to the thoughts about applying a blow to the head. In addition, helated the fracture of the ribs on the left side of the chest and the nasal fracture was identified. Damage to the thumb on the leg could be caused by frostbite.
The arrows found broken arrow forced some experts to believe that Ezi turned to the stomach in an attempt to extract the arrow from the wound in the shoulder. The shot was probably made from behind. The tip entered so hard that the wounded could not pull it out. It is believed that ECI could get a fatal wound as a result of the shock of two communities.
Pictures on bodies have traditionally been used as decoration. Ice man was the owner of about 57 tattoos - from points, lines and crosses. Tattoo were applied not with needles, but with the help of small cuts. Archaeologists believe that ECI tattoos are not symbols, but "pain therapy" or even therapeutic therapy, a primitive form of acupuncture.
X-ray found that Ezi probably suffered from arthritis. Some researchers believe that the patterns on the body could mean the movement of the young man in adulthood. In the cuts poured charcoal. There are assumptions that Ezi chose to apply the tattoos "especially important" parts of the body.
However, so far only exclusively on the Symilant man can draw conclusions, what signs were preferred to apply on the bodies in the copper century.
On the body, ECI was almost no hairproof. However, together with the body, a lump of hair was discovered, the study of which showed that the hair belonged not only to animals, but also a person. The conclusion was made, according to which ECI's hair was most likely not exceeded a length of 9 cm.
Wavy, dark color hair, from a dark brown to black shade, Ezi did not twist in a braid, preferring them to wear them freely. Founding next to the body, curricular strands of hair suggest that ILO ILLY man let go of a short beard.
One of the features of the structure of teeth ECI was the lack of teeth of wisdom. This anomaly is considered an evolutionary tendency to reduce the jaw. The crown of the teeth turned out to be reduced by 3 mm, which speaks of a great worn. At the same time, Mummy did not find caries.
The greatest wear fell on the left area of \u200b\u200bthe upper jaw. This may indicate that Ezi used his teeth as a tool for wood processing, tendons, skin and other things.
A newly conducted DNA analysis helped to disclose new details from the life of ECI.
The results showed that an ice man probably suffered from the world's first in the world in the world of Lyme disease. Ezi was the owner of brown eyes, had lactose intolerance and predisposition to cardiovascular diseases. He is associated with common roots with residents of Sardinia (Sardinia).
In the rectum, Ezi discovered the remains of bran, root and fruit. Two types of muscle tissue in the stomach belonged to sulfur and deer. The primitive man made his last meal at about eight hours to death.
Detected in the gastrointestinal tract of pollen, along with a set of trees that Ezi chose for the manufacture of equipment, indicates that he lived in the south of the Main Alps Main Ridge.
The perfectly preserved mummy currently "lives" in the South Nucleolist Museum of Archeology, in a refrigeration chamber specially designed for it that supports a constant temperature -6 ° C. Visitors can consider mummy through a small window.
After the death of eight people who were removed and studied the mummia, statements began to appear that the curse was lied. The most first killed Jewekspert Rainer Henne. He became a victim of autoavaria. Then the unenviable fate suffered Alpinist Kurt Fritz, who helped to extract the mummy. He was the only dead climber from the group that fell into avalanche.
Third death received a journalist Rainer Holz, who wrote an article about the detection of mummy. It was squeeed the brain tumor. German tourist Helmut Simon, discovered Ezi, disappeared. He was found dead under the mountain collapse ...
However, hundreds of people take part in the Mummy's study, so the death of eight of them is still no reason to drive about the "curses of ice mummy".
In 1991, in the Tyrolean Alps found the mummy of ancient man. ECI (Otti), as called "Ice Man", was at an altitude of 3200 meters at the Siemilaun Glacier in the Eztel Valley, his age was estimated at 5,300 years and still scientists continue to research Mummy.
Hand "Ice man" on sterile foil.
Dutch artists Adrie and Alphonse Kennis used the results of the 3D scan of the skeleton of the Ice Man, to recreate it a full-size copy. Initially, scientists believed that the eyes of Otti were blue, but the latest DNA studies have shown that the eye color was Kareem.
Footwear "Ice man" on a glass model.
After the mummy was brought to the laboratory, the researchers raised the temperature to 17.8 degrees Celsius to defrost it. Talu water was investigated for the presence of bacteria, thanks to which ancient mummy was so well preserved.
Knife and "sheath" "Ice man."
After the nine hours of autopsy, the mummy was returned to the starting temperature, -6.1 degrees Celsius, and placed in a glass sarcophagus. Studies took place in the Archaeological Museum of Southern Tyrol in Bolzano, Italy.
The ax with a blade from copper testifies that in his tribe "Ice man" occupied a high position. After the study of the stomach, it was found that Ezi took food eight hours to death. The remains of bran, root, fruit and muscle tissue of two types, corresponding to sulfur and deer meats were found.
Two arrows used for hunting and self-defense. At the time of death, the growth of ECI was approximately 165 cm, the weight is 50 kg.
Maple leafle found among icy man's equipment. Scientists have established that the sheet was running from a tree late spring.
Herb shoes, deer skin and bear skins. This shoes are considered one of the oldest ever discovered by scientists.
Mummy is located in the Archaeological Museum of Southern Tyrol in Bolzano, Italy. The room is maintained at a temperature of 17.8 degrees Celsius and humidity 98.5% - to simulate glacial cover, which defended the mummy for five thousand years.
According to the assumptions of scientists, the "ice man" at the time of death was a little more than forty years.
